CCAMLR

In the Division 58.4.1 there are two stocks of Dissostichus mawsoni, which is vulnerable with a big range of about 1,000-2,000 t per SSRU in 58.4.1. However, there is not enough data to utilize stocks properly, especially relate to reproductive mechanism. Therefore, the Korean scientists analyze the reproductive ecology of Dissostichus mawsoni in SSRU 58.4.1C based on the histological methods as a part of Korean research plan for Dissostichus spp. in SSRUs 58.4.1 C and E during 2012/2013 season. 

The ratio of female of D. mawsoni collected in SSRU 58.4.1C during the 2012/2013 season was 0.54 displaying the tendency increased with the total length became larger. The gonadosomatic index of the female was 2.6, and 1.1 for the male. The hepatosomatic index of the female (2.5) and male (2.3) were similar. The type of ovarian development of D. mawsoni was group-synchronous type. In the ovaries of growing stage, initial vitellogenic oocytes with approximately 150 ㎛ of egg size was mainly observed. The egg size of mature oocytes presented approximately 800 ㎛. Eosinophilic yolk materials and vacuolar oil droplets were interspersed within the cytoplasm, and the egg size of ripe oocytes were approximately 1,000 ㎛. Eosinophilic yolk materials are distributed within the medulla of cytoplasm, and combined multiple vacuolar oil droplets were existed in the cortical section of the cytoplasm. Histological testicular type of the fish was testicular lobule type, and the testicular lobule was composed of numerous testicular cysts. In the testis of growing stage the cysts became more definite gradually, and spermatogonia and spermatocytes occupied most of the cortex of the testicular lobule. It was possible to observe spermatids that illustrated basophilic reaction in H-E staining within the expanded testicular cysts in the mature stage. In the ripe stage, inner cavity of testicular lobules was occupied by spermatozoa of basophilic in H-E stain. Frequency of ovarian development stages of the toothfish showed the highest proportion with 46.3% at the mature stage, and followed by the growing stage with 29.3%, and ripe stage with 24.4%. Frequency of testicular developmental stages demonstrated the highest proportion with 58.3% for the growing stage, and followed by mature stage with 36.1%, and ripe stage with 5.6%. According to the ovarian developmental stages, spawning season of D. mawsoni may be deduced from May to June, and the fish may spawn two or three times during a spawning period in SSRU 58.4.1 C area. The group maturity in accordance with the total length (TL) categories of D. mawsoni displayed 100% for the female in lager than 90 cm categories, and almost 100% for the male in larger than TL 100 cm categories. Absolute fecundity on the total length 139.1 cm and total weight 39.944 kg was 1,130,178. And relative fecundity on the length and weight was 8,124/cm and 28/g, respectively. The results of this study were concluded from the limited number of samples and interpretation of reproductive ecology of D. mawsoni. Therefore, reanalysis of the reproductive ecology based on the much larger numbers of samples should be carried out in the near future.
 

In the Division 58.4.1 there are two stocks; one extends from the SSRU 58.4.1C to the SSRU 58.4.2A, and the other one to the SSRU 58.4.1H. The population sizes were vulnerable with a big range of about 1,000-2,000 t per SSRU in 58.4.1 and 100-1,500 t per SSRU in 58.4.2. During the 2003-2007 fishing seasons, 3,434 Dissostichus spp. were tagged and released, but only 5 fishes among them have been recaptured which were not enough data to estimate stock biomass for considering the precautionary catch limit. The food-web of Dissostichus spp. started to be studied recently only in the southern Ross Sea. Some studies on biology of the fish have been studied, but those are still not enough to assess the stocks and consider proper management measures. Base on CCAMLR’s fishery report on 58.4.1 area as a whole is still data-poor fishery and is showing low recapture rate mentioned above. Consequently, providing catch and effort data, analyzing biological samples, and collecting recapture data focusing on SSRUs C and E in Division 58.4.1 is very important to consider proper ways for effective managements of the population and ocean.

Korea notifies the participation in exploratory fishery for Dissostichus spp. in the SSRUs C and E in Division 58.4.1 from 2012/2013 season to 2014/2015 using Korean commercial bottom longline vessel, NO. 3  INSUNG in accordance with paragraph of CM 24-01 and paragraph 6 (iii) of CM 21-02 in 2012, and this plan is one of the processes of the notification.

The main objective of this scientific research plan is to assess the stock status of Dissostichus spp. in SSRUs C and E in Division 58.4.1. We will collect the catch and effort, tagged and released, recaptured and biological data to estimate biomass of Dissostichus spp. and evaluate migration and distribution of developmental maturity and size stage. For the 1st year (2012/2013) of this research, we collected and analyzed/will analyze the catch, effort, and biological data such as length, weight, gonadal development, otolith and muscle. However, the results were not good enough according to lack of data because of the bad sea-ice condition for the survey. Therefore, for the 2nd year (2013/2014), we will extend the sample size of catch and fishing efforts, and biological data, and also submit the primarily results on the comparing catch rate between trot line and Spanish line, and estimations of biological parameters relating to productivity based on the collected data from the 1st and 2nd researches. During the 3rd year, we will collect the same data as the 2nd year continuously. We will also submit the complete results for all three year researches such as biomass for Dissostichus spp. using CASAL model and ecosystem-based risk assessment, and consider proper measurements for the fishery management.

Stocks of Dissostichus mawsoni in Division 58.4.1 were vulnerable with a big range of about 1,000-2,000 t per SSRU in Division 58.4.1. However, there is not enough data and information to assess the robust stocks and deliberate proper measurements for sustainable utilize, especially relate to diet and feeding strategy which may lead to think about ecosystem based stock assessments and fishery managements. Therefore, the Korean scientists analyze diet composition and feeding strategy of Antarctic toothfish, Dissostichus mawsoni in SSRU 58.4.1.C-a as a part of Korean research plan for the exploratory longline fishery for Dissostichus spp. in SSRUs of 58.4.1 C and E during 2012/2013 season.  This study was carried out based on the results of stomach content identification of the Antarctic toothfish caught in SSRU 58.4.1 C-a in CCAMLR Conversion Area in March, 2013. The diet composition and feeding strategy of Dissostichus mawsoni were studied using 36 specimens (104 to 176 cm in total length).  D. mawsoni is a carnivore and piscivorous fish that mainly consumed fishes, especially Macrourus whitsoni with 14.72% of the diet by weight.  Its diet also included small quantities of mollusks, crustaceans, and seaweeds. In this study, fishes were the dominant prey item in all size classes (I, 104-140 cm TL, and II, 140-176 cm TL). The graphical method for feeding strategy revealed that D. mawsoni is an opportunistic and specialized predator on fishes and showed narrow niche width.

To identify the important prey items for pre-recruit Antarctic toothfish in the SSRUs 88.1.K of the southern Ross Sea and 58.4.1.C of the eastern Antarctic Sea, their fatty acid (FA) composition and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were determined and compared to those of bycatch species and stomach samples. Sampling efforts were made during a longline survey of pre-recruit toothfish from commercial fishing vessel in February-March 2013. Similarities in total FA compositions and the FA profiles in muscle tissue of Antarctic toothfish, bycatch specimen (Channichthyidae), and icefish in the stomachs indicated a trophic connection between the toothfish and icefish. Difference in the δ¹³C values of Antarctic toothfish between two areas showed their dependence on the different organic matter resources. δ¹⁵N values of Antarctic toothfish were higher than those of most specimens collected, indicating higher trophic postion of the toothfish. Similar δ¹⁵N values between two areas 88.1.K and 58.4.1.C suggested that they occupy the same trophic position irrespective of the area. The combination of stable isotope ratios and fatty acid profiles can be effectively used to trace the trophic transfer from organic matter sources to higher trophic levels through food chains. Further studies on the trophic relationship between Antarctic toothfish and other animals by collection and subsequent biomarker analyses for more pelagic and benthic biota are needed to better understand the carbon flow through the Antarctic ecosystems.

We reanalyzed data collected by the longline fishery in Subarea 88.1 to compare the bycatches of VME taxa made by vessels using Autolines and Spanish longlines. The fractions of sets with positive bycatch, as well as the weights of bycatch when bycatches were observed, were higher for Autolines than for Spanish longlines. Using a generalized linear approach with a Tweedie distribution to model the large number of zero-bycatch sets, we found that both the amounts of positive bycatches and the probabilities of observing positive bycatches decreased with depth for both gears. We also found that the rate at which positive bycatches decreased with depth was slightly greater for Autolines than for Spanish longlines. Since we only analyzed data from areas where there was substantial spatial overlap of sets made with each gear type, we attributed this difference to a difference in the rate at which VME taxa drop off Autolines relative to Spanish longlines while the gear is being hauled. We used a Bayesian approach and estimated that bycatch of VME taxa by Autolines is about 9 times greater per hook (about 5 times greater per set) than bycatch by Spanish longlines at 600 m. While there is considerable uncertainty about this ratio (the 95% credible interval for this ratio ranges from about 3 to 22 times greater per hook or about 2 to 12 times greater per set), there is near certainty that Autoline bycatch is greater than Spanish bycatch at all depths represented in our data. Limiting the use of Autolines, which are in more intimate contact with the sea floor than Spanish longlines, may decrease bycatches of VME taxa and thereby provide a precautionary approach to mitigating impacts on VMEs.

Catch and effort data recorded by all vessels were analyzed using the latest CCAMLR C2 and observer data.

The stock size estimate for a research block (5843a) was revised following advice in the last WG-SAM meeting. We tentatively recalculated a sample size of Dissostichus spp in each block in such a way that the numbers of tag recoveries in the 2016 season shows an approximately 0.3 of coefficient variance of biomass estimate from the bootstrapped procedure, under the condition that the exploitation rate (sample size / estimated stock size) would not exceed 3.5 %. The tentatively estimated sample sizes turned out to be larger in many blocks and smaller in a few blocks over the data poor-fisheries. Since we have yet to obtain enough evidence to estimate plausible stock size, and accordingly have yet to estimate appropriate catch limit, we propose to conduct the current research operation for at least 3 years with the same sample size as decided at the last CCAMLR meeting for the current research block, in order to promote successful stock assessment.

The separation rule was one of the major inconveniences for successful research, as it may excessively limit the available area for research hauls. For this reason, we propose the mitigation rule so that 50% of lines are required to be separated by not less than 3 n miles from each other but the rest of lines can be set freely between the separated lines. In this way, over-concentration of catch and effort can be avoided while reducing the inconveniences for operation.

Similarly, strict application of the move-on rule could compromise success in the research. We propose the relaxation of rule by increasing the current trigger level of 1 500 kg for the catch of Macrourus spp. in two 10-day periods provided in the paragraph 6 of CM 33-03 to 2 000 kg.

Catch and effort data recorded by all vessels were analyzed using latest CCAMLR C2 and observer data.

The stock size estimates for the research block (5842E) was revised following advice in the last WG-SAM meeting. We tentatively recalculated a sample size of Dissostichus spp in each block in such a way that the numbers of tag recoveries in the 2016 season shows an approximately 0.3 of coefficient variance of biomass estimate from the bootstrapped procedure, under the condition that the exploitation rate (sample size / estimated stock size) would not exceed 3.5 %. The tentatively estimated sample sizes turned out to be larger in many blocks and smaller in a few blocks over the data poor-fisheries. Since we have yet to obtain enough evidence to estimate plausible stock size, and accordingly have yet to estimate appropriate catch limit, we propose to conduct the current research operation for at least 3 years with the same sample size as decided at the last CCAMLR meeting for the current research block, in order to promote successful stock assessment.

We tentatively examined the degree of coverage of the austral summer sea-ice in the current research blocks in past ten years. The sea-ice condition during the summer season was generally favorable for operations for the research block.

The separation rule was one of the major inconveniences for successful research, as it may excessively limit the available area for research hauls. For this reason, we propose the mitigation rule that 50% of lines are required to be separated by not less than 3 n miles from each other but the rest of lines can be set freely between the separated lines. In this way, over-concentration of catch and effort can be avoided while reducing the inconveniences for operation. 

Similarly, strict application of the move-on rule could compromise success in the research.  We propose the relaxation of rule by increasing the current trigger level of 1 500 kg for the catch of Macrourus spp. in two 10-day periods provided in the paragraph 6 of CM 33-03 to 2 000 kg.

Catch and effort data recorded by all vessels were analyzed using latest CCAMLR C2 and observer data.

The stock size estimates for research blocks were revised following advice in the last WG-SAM meeting. We tentatively recalculated a sample size of Dissostichus spp in each block in such a way that the numbers of tag recoveries in the 2016 season shows an approximately 0.3 of coefficient variance of biomass estimate from the bootstrapped procedure, under the condition that the exploitation rate (sample size / estimated stock size) would not exceed 3.5 %. The tentatively estimated sample sizes turned out to be larger in many blocks and smaller in a few blocks over the data poor-fisheries. Since we have yet to obtain enough evidence to estimate plausible stock size, and accordingly have yet to estimate appropriate catch limit, we propose to conduct the current research operation for at least 3 years with the same sample size as decided at the last CCAMLR meeting for the current research blocks, in order to promote successful stock assessment.

We tentatively examined the degree of coverage of the austral summer sea-ice in the current research blocks during past 10 years. The sea-ice condition during the summer season was generally favorable for operations for most of research blocks.

The separation rule was one of the major inconveniences for successful research, as it may excessively limit the available areas for research hauls. For this reason, we propose the mitigation rule that 50% of lines are required to be separated by not less than 3 n miles from each other, but the rest of lines can be set freely between the separated lines. In this way, over-concentration of catch and effort can be avoided while reducing the inconveniences for operation.  

Similarly, strict application of the move-on rule could compromise success in the research. We propose the relaxation of rule by increasing the current trigger level of 1 500 kg for the catch of Macrourus spp. in two 10-day periods provided in the paragraph 6 of CM 33-03 to 2 000 kg.

Catch and effort data recorded by all vessels were analyzed using the latest CCAMLR C2 and observer data.

The stock size estimates for research blocks were revised following advice in the last WG-SAM meeting. We tentatively recalculated a sample size of Dissostichus spp in each block in such a way that the numbers of tag recoveries in the 2016 season shows an approximately 0.3 of coefficient variance of biomass estimate from the bootstrapped procedure, under the condition that the exploitation rate (sample size / estimated stock size) would not exceed 3.5%. The tentatively estimated sample sizes turned out to be larger in many blocks and smaller in a few blocks over the data poor-fisheries. Since we have yet to obtain enough evidence to estimate plausible stock size, and accordingly have yet to estimate appropriate catch limit, we propose to conduct the current research operation for at least 3 years with the same sample size as decided at the last CCAMLR meeting for the current research blocks, in order to promote successful stock assessment.

We tentatively examined the degree of coverage of the austral summer sea-ice during past 10 years in the current research blocks and an additional research block (486e in SSRUs B and C) which Japan and South Africa proposed in the last WG-SAM meeting. The sea-ice condition during the summer season was generally favorable for operations for the research blocks. Based on this examination, 486e block appears to be a promising research block and hence we propose the addition of the research block 486e, where Shinsei-maru No.3 released a total of 587 tagged D. mawsoni in 2011, in order to maximize the use of tagged fish. 

We propose the extension of the east boundary of research block 486d from the current 13°E to 15°E to examine whether the fish migration could be active in this continental-shelf block.  

The separation rule was one of the major inconveniences for successful research, as it may excessively limit the available area for research hauls. For this reason, we propose the mitigation rule that 50% of lines are required to be separated by not less than 3 n miles from each other but the rest of lines can be set freely between the separated lines. In this way, over-concentration of catch and effort can be avoided while reducing the inconveniences for operation.  

Similarly, strict application of the move-on rule could compromise success in the research. We propose the relaxation of rule by increasing the current trigger level of 1 500 kg for the catch of Macrourus spp. in two 10-day periods provided in the paragraph 6 of CM33-03 to 2 000 kg.

We revised stock status assessments of D. eleginoides in SSRUs C and D using comparative CPUE, modified Lincoln-Petersen and CASAL models following advices during the last WG-SAM meeting. Detailed results using CASAL models in SSRU C are described in a separated document.

The catch and tagging data in SSRU D were not enough to be applied to modified Lincoln-Petersen and CASAL models. Thus the stock sizes of D. eleginoides in SSRU D is estimated only by using CPUE comparison with the stock size estimates in SSRU C obtained from each method.

The estimated stock size in SSRU C from CPUE comparison (548 tonnes) was similar to that (542 tonnes) from modified Lincoln-Petersen. However, the stock size estimated from CASAL base model (1040 tonnes) was about 2 times higher than those from the two methods.

Since we have not obtained enough evidence to estimate plausible stock size, and accordingly have not been able to determine catch limit yet, we would like to conduct research repeated for at least one more year in the same locations as in the 2012/13 season, with the same survey design and sample size of a total of 50 tonnes in SSRUs C and D for the 2013/14 as in the 2012/13, thereafter, the phase of the survey will be moved from effort limited to catch limited.