This paper presents an update on the SCAR Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment Report, providing an overview of recent science. The update is not meant to be read as a synthesis report, but as a perspective on recent scientific advances. 

SCAR is an interdisciplinary body of the International Council for Science (ICSU), and currently includes 43 member countries and nine ICSU unions. SCAR is charged with initiating, developing and coordinating high quality international scientific research in the Antarctic region (including the Southern Ocean).

SCAR’s Mission is to advance Antarctic research, including observations from Antarctica, and to promote scientific knowledge, understanding and education on any aspect of the Antarctic region and its role in the Earth System. SCAR also provides independent and objective scientific advice and information to the Antarctic Treaty System and other bodies and facilitates the international exchange of Antarctic information within the scientific community.

Here SCAR reports on recent CCAMLR engagement, recent scientific research of relevance to SC-CAMLR, and forthcoming SCAR activities of mutual interest.

To ensure that transshipment does not provide a mechanism for toothfish harvested by  illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities to enter commerce, as well as to address compliance issues discussed in SCIC, CCAMLR considered proposed revisions to existing measures to improve the monitoring and control of transshipments in 2014^[1], 2015^[2], and 2016^[3]. Despite robust consideration, no consensus was reached on these proposals. This paper draws Members’ attention to the new work on transshipment being carried out by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) following on a recommendation from the Committee on Fisheries (COFI). The report by the FAO on this issue is expected to provide CCAMLR members with a strong resource to help address current gaps in the monitoring of transshipments.  The United States looks forward to reviewing the report’s findings and, with due consideration of the relevant recommendations from the second performance review (CCAMLR-XXXVI/01, paragraphs 54 and 55), working with other Members during the intersessional period on a proposal for consideration at CCAMLR XXXVII. Improving the monitoring and control of transshipments is critical to the prevention of support or concealment of IUU fishing and to improving CCAMLR’s understanding of transshipment activities involving Antarctic marine living resources harvested inside the Convention Area.

[1] SCIC 2014: the United States presented draft revisions to CM 10-02 and 10-09 for consideration

[2] CCAMLR-XXXIV/27, Proposal to strengthen monitoring and control of transshipments, 04 September 2015, Delegation of the USA

[3] CCAMLR-XXXV/24, Proposal to strengthen monitoring and control of transshipments, 02 September 2016, Delegations of Australia and the USA

In accordance with the recommendations of the 2013 Panel Review of the CCAMLR Scheme of International Scientific Observation (SISO) (SC-CAMLR-XXXII/07 Rev. 1), the U.S. proposal[1] to amend the Text of SISO recommends the performance of a vessel safety check (see proposed Annex II in CCAMLR-XXXVI/25) prior to observer deployment, as well as the use of a form and protocol for debriefing observers to be approved by the Commission (proposed A(ebis) in CCAMLR-XXXVI/25).  This paper provides examples of vessel safety checklists and debriefing forms and protocols for the Commission’s reference in developing documents for use in SISO.

[1] CCAMLR-XXXVI/25 01 September 2017, A proposal to progress implementation of the CCAMLR SISO Review Panel recommendations

The conservation measure regarding (or stipulating) the interim distribution of trigger level in the fishery of Antarctic krill in Subareas 48.1 through 48.4 (CM 51-07) has continuously been renewed due the CCAMLR’s inability to establish an agreed, operational feedback management (FBM) approach. As the trigger level lacks any form of relationship with the actual stock condition this approach is strictly not in line with the CCAMLR ecosystem approach to management. FBM has been considered an alternative approach for decades, but still lacks a plan that can be made operational within realistic cost and effort levels.  Our proposal outlines that acoustic data would be collected, processed and reported continuously during the fishing season as measure of the available prey field. This information can be integrated with finer-scale knowledge of top predator feeding strategies and updated through specific scientific studies at regular (multiyear) intervals. The foundations of the proposal are that acoustic monitoring of the prey field of nearby predator colonies feeds into a decision-making framework that is far less dependent on land-based effort. We consider it important to base decisions on simple, understandable and robust relationships which in turn creates trust by the stakeholders and will enable an efficient implementation of FBM. Initiating the model development and the krill fishing-predator study now will bring the SG-ASAM work and our proposed FBM framework development into a similar timeline. While the proposed framework provides a clear way forward it will take several years to implement fully due to the required development of methodology and time series data.

Este documento contribuye al proceso de planeamiento para la designación de un Área Marina Protegida en el Dominio 1, liderado por la Argentina y Chile. En particular, este documento ofrece un análisis de biodiversidad por zona para la propuesta preliminar de AMP en el  Dominio 1, presentado durante el último encuentro del Grupo de Trabajo de Seguimiento y Ordenación del Ecosistema (WG-EMM-17/23; WG-EMM 17/24; WG-EMM-17/25 Rev. 1). Los objetos de conservación ocupan diferentes extensiones y están distribuidos de manera  diferente en el Dominio 1; mientras algunos ocupan áreas muy pequeñas como las polinias, otros se extienden sobre áreas más grandes, como las ecoregiones bentónicas. En general, resulta dificultoso proteger todas las características espaciales, particularmente cuando su distribución es compleja. El modelo de AMP para el Dominio 1 se desarrolló en base a las Áreas Prioritarias para la Conservación (APC, SC-CAMLR-XXXVI/17) y tomando en consideración la pesquería de kril y el cambio climático (SC-CAMLR-XXXVI/18). El modelo de AMP alcanza los niveles de protección de más del 90% de los objetos de conservación, incluyendo la protección para todas las áreas consideradas importantes para aves, mamíferos y peces. La propuesta de AMP cumple con el nivel de protección acordado por la comunidad internacional para el Dominio 1. Reducciones sustantivas del modelo de AMP podrían comprometer, en cierta medida, la protección de objetivos de conservación establecidos por la Convención, para la designación de AMPs en la Antártida.

Este documento es una contribución al proceso de planificación para la designación de un Área Marina Protegida en el Dominio 1, liderado por la Argentina y Chile (SC-CAMLR-XXXVI/17 y SC-CAMLR-XXXVI/18). Particularmente, este informe resume los resultados y decisiones adoptadas en una serie de talleres internacionales específicamente desarrollados para contribuir al proceso de planificación del AMP en el Dominio 1, incluyendo el Primer Taller Internacional celebrado en el año 2012 en Valparaíso, Chile, (WG-EMM-12/69); el Taller Binacional (Chile-Argentina) celebrado en La Serena, Chile, en el año 2013, (WG-EMM-14/40); el Segundo Taller Internacional para la identificación de Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMP) en el Dominio 1, de CCRVMA, celebrado en 2015 en Buenos Aires (WG-EMM-15/42); y el Taller Informal sobre AMP en Dominio 1, celebrado en 2016, en Boloña, Italia (WG-EMM-16/73).

Este informe ha sido compilado por sus autoras, basadas en las discusiones de expertos que tuvieron lugar durante los talleres referidos. La lista de participantes para estos talleres puede encontrarse en el Anexo 3. Una versión revisada, que incluya la lista completa de autores (i.e los participantes a los talleres) se ha propuesto para su presentación en CCAMLR Science (SC-CAMLR-XXXVI/16).

The CCAMLR Scientific Committee in 2016 reviewed three scientific background documents in support of the development of a CCAMLR MPA in the Weddell Sea. Germany was asked to carry out further work, in particular regarding the issues and questions raised at WG-EMM-16 and SC-CAMLR-XXXV.

Here, the authors intend to update the Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment on the current state of the work carried out during the 2016/2017 intersessional period. Chapter 1 of this working group paper informs on the new data retrieval process. Chapter 2 presents the updated analyses of relevant data layers, including an update on the Antarctic toothfish habitat model. Chapter 3 provides a sensitivity analysis of the level of protection for Antarctic toothfish and other demersal fish that explores a range of protection-level scenarios. In this context, we show how the cost layer works. Subsequently, a revised Marxan approach based on the updated data layer is shown. In Chapter 4 we outline the way we - at that stage - transferred the results of the scientific analyses into the WSMPA borders and management zones.