CCAMLR

Krill carapaces measurements have been used to reconstruct krill length frequencies in Antarctic fur seal diet. The discriminant function currently used to determine sex, and the sex-specific allometric equations for calculating total length from carapace length, were derived from South Georgia krill populations. The equations have been applied to fur seal diet studies in the South Shetlands but until now have not been validated using locally sampled krill. This study reports on a three year study validating the use of discriminant functions to determine sex of krill based on carapace length and width and independently derives sex-specific regression models for krill collected in the South Shetlands. Allometric equations derived from South Georgia krill overestimated total length. Applying a discriminant function derived from mature krill in years following significant recruitment events with large proportions of immature krill resulted in significant bias towards male krill and an overestimation of krill length. We propose some standard guidelines for applying discriminant functions, allometric equations and for interpreting results.

A GIS tool to assist in the planning and designing of surveys of colonial breeding species is described. The tool could be applied to any region of Antarctica given available colony map and count data. The tool currently implements only very simple survey designs, but could be further developed to implement more complex and efficient designs. An example of its potential use is provided. In the example the tool is used to sample a population of Adelie penguins in the Holme Bay region of East Antarctica as might occur in a real a pilot survey, and the resulting sample densities used to predict the number of sampling units required to estimate abundance for the entire region with a pre-determined precision.

A summary of considerations and decisions made by the correspondence group on land-based predator abundance is provided for comment by the Working Group. In order to complete specifications for future survey work, the correspondence group seeks advice from the Working Group on the relevant spatial unit for estimation in Area 48 and the required precision for estimation in each unit. A workshop addressing survey design issues is proposed for 2006. Terms of reference for the workshop are provided for comment.

A survey was undertaken to provide estimates of the abundance of crabeater, Ross and leopard seal populations in 1,500,000 km2 of pack-ice off east Antarctica between longitudes 60-150oE. Sighting surveys were undertaken along almost 10,000 km of survey transect from an icebreaker and two helicopters to estimate the density of seals hauled out on the ice in survey strips. The probability of detecting seals in survey strips was estimated using double observer line transect methods, and satellite-linked dive recorders were deployed on a sample of seals to estimate the probability of seals being hauled out on the ice at any time of day. Due to non-random placement of survey transects, model-based inference, involving the fitting of a density surface as a function of geographic covariates, was used to extrapolate estimated densities in surveyed areas to the entire survey region. Estimating uncertainty in abundance estimates included consideration of uncertainties in species identification, estimation of detection probability, estimation of haulout probability, and extrapolation from sampled strips to the entire survey region.

Power analyses were carried out using a 12 year data set from the Béchervaise Island Adélie penguin colony with the aim of determining minimum sample sizes required to detect systematic temporal change in CEMP Parameter A5 (penguin foraging trip duration). Two different types of systematic change were investigated: 1) change occurring at a constant rate after a certain point in time and 2) a sudden step change in parameter values from one average level to another. Modelling showed that change of the latter form could be more quickly and powerfully detected at a range of effect sizes than could consistent rates of change occurring over longer periods of time. Sample sizes of 50 penguins carrying out three foraging trips each were required to detect a 35% step increase in foraging trip duration after three years or alternatively, with equal power, a 3.75% annual increase in trip duration after 12 years from the onset of change (55% overall increase). Inclusion of ice cover as a covariate in the analyses enhanced detection of change for birds monitored in the guard stage of chick rearing. However, caution must be exercised when incorporating covariates into power analyses, as inclusion of covariates to explain part of the natural interannual variability in a monitored parameter is only useful if the covariate itself is independent of the factors causing the systematic change.

We examine fledgling weights measured over 11 years at Béchervaise Island in relation to two assumed proxies of prey availability: breeding success and foraging trip duration. Concordance between the two proxies was apparent when considering guard stage foraging trip durations but this was not as strong for the crèche foraging trips later in the season. Fledgling weights which are measured at the end of the breeding season were more strongly correlated with later foraging trips than with earlier trips. We interpret these results as an indication of variable resources between the guard and crèche stages of the breeding season. In some seasons, there appeared to be constant levels of resources throughout the breeding season resulting in good breeding success with heavy fledglings or poor breeding success with light fledglings. In other seasons, there was a disparity between breeding success and fledgling weight. For example, low breeding success could occur in a season with heavy fledglings associated with long foraging trips during the guard period and relatively short trips during the crèche period. The concerns raised by Williams and Croxall (1990) that fledgling weight may increase with an associated truncation of the distribution in poor seasons for seabirds with prolonged chick-rearing periods is unfounded for the Béchervaise Island Adélie penguin population. It would be useful to determine the demographic consequences of variable fledgling weights in terms of subsequent chick survival for this population.

We develop statistical models of Adélie penguin fledgling weight data collected at Béchervaise Island and use them in a power analysis as a continuation of the CEMP review. The statistical models incorporate both within- and between- season variability of fledgling weights from first principles using raw data as recommended in Southwell et al. (2004). These models should be viewed as initial attempts at incorporating multiple sources of variability rather than final products because a number of issues need further consideration. Issues to be resolved include the form and direction of change of fledgling weights with a decline in resource availability, the consideration of total chick failure during severe food shortages and a possible change in variance associated with a change in the mean value. With these issues kept in mind, the major findings from these statistical models are the potential for reducing to 30 the number of birds weighed in a single 5-day period each year. If practical, this outcome could have substantial benefits by simplifying data collection. We also discuss some of the practical issues of continuing to measure fledgling weights at Béchervaise Island either by the current or the modified methodology.

Scientific observations on fishes incidentally caught during commercial krill fisheries by F/V Niitaka Maru (5306t) were made from August 6 to September 9, 2004 to the north of South Georgia Island. Among 100 net hauls quantitatively examined, a total of 12 species belonging to 6 families of by-catch fishes were occurred in 76 trawl catches. The family Myctophidae, the most abundant taxa during the present survey, were found in 61% of hauls examined. Although only one species, Lepidonotothen larseni, was captured as by-catch of the Nototheniidae, the Nototheniidae were the next in abundance and found in 25% of hauls. Length frequency distribution of by-catch of L. larseni shows this species is composed of at least 3 different year classes. Similar pattern is also found in Gymnoscopelus nicholsi of the Myctophidae. At least in the net hauls of high krill CPUE (>20t?krill/h), few or no by-catch fish was occurred. The hauls of lower krill CPUE (

We report on the development of a carbon-budget trophic-model of the Ross Sea. We provisionally defined the food web of the Ross Sea as having the following functional compartments: birds, seals, toothed whales, baleen whales, large bentho-pelagic predatory fish (mainly adult Antarctic toothfish), pelagic and juvenile fish (mainly Antarctic silverfish), demersal fish (skates, rattails, notothenioids), cryopelagic fish, squid, macrozooplankton (including krill and salps), macrobenthos, meiobenthos, ice heterotrophs, water column zooplankton (ciliates, heterotrophic flagellates, mesozooplankton), three groups of bacteria (water column, ice, and sediment), phytoplankton, epontic algae, and three detritus groups (water column, ice, and benthic). The simple trophic model requires well over a hundred parameters, each of which has been estimated by sifting published and unpublished information. Local information on organisms in the Ross Sea was used whenever available. Where no information in the literature was available we have sought out field measurements that have not been published, or estimated values using explicit assumptions.
The model is not complete, and should be considered a work in progress. A trial budget was created to quantify carbon flow through our conceptual model of the Ross Sea ecosystem. A first run of the model was carried out, and the initial set of parameters was not found to be self-consistent i.e. they do not lead to a balanced model. The next step is to determine the range of ecosystem variables that are consistent with our current understanding of the constraints on ecosystem functioning within the bounds of uncertainty estimated for each parameter; we term this approach feasible parameter space mapping.

An assessment of the environmental processes influencing variability in the recruitment and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba DANA) is important as variability in krill stocks affects the Antarctic marine ecosystem as a whole. Naganobu et al. (1999) had assessed variability in krill recruitment and density in the Antarctic Peninsula area with an environmental factor; strength of westerly winds (westerlies) determined from sea-level pressure differences across the Drake Passage, between Rio Gallegos (51°32’S, 69°17’W), Argentina, and Base Esperanza (63°24’S, 56°59’W), at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula during 1982-1998. Fluctuations in the westerlies across the Drake Passage were referred to as the Drake Passage Oscillation Index (DPOI). They found significant correlations between krill recruitment and DPOI. Additionally, we calculated a new time series of DPOI from January 1952 to March 2005.