CCAMLR

A description of the autoline fishing method, including standard terminology for the fishing operation and gear used is provided.

Results from the New Zealand research survey in CCAMLR Subarea 88.3 in February 2005 are presented. While ice conditions prevented the successful completion of the full research plan as approved at CCAMLR XXIII, research activities were completed with 10 research hauls, temperature profiling, icthyoplankton sampling, toothfish tagging and biological sampling of toothfish and other species completed.
Pre-recruit D. mawsoni were caught at much greater depths than occurs in the other Subareas of Area 88. This result has significant implications for future trawl surveys in this area. The catch rate obtained on one line on the Antarctic shelf is similar to catch rates taken in other Subareas and Divisions where substantial exploratory fisheries are currently under way. The limited results collected indicated a surprising lack of biodiversity in the De Gerlache Seamount study area.
While the results of this research survey are limited, they do suggest that further research activity is required in Subarea 88.3 before any fishing activity be permitted.

A number of morphological and reproductive measurements made seasonally on Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni from mid-December to early April during the 2000-01 to 2004-05 fishing seasons aboard the autoliner San Aotea II have been analysed. Results of this study indicate measurable differences in a number of indices from toothfish found on the Ross shelf proper, as distinct from those sampled on the more isolated seamounts and features to the north. These are length modal distribution, sex ratio, fish body condition factor, and reproductive development. D. mawsoni samples from the northern part of the Ross Sea showed that this component of the population had a unimodal length distribution at a consistent peak over all sampling seasons in comparison with the southern group in which the distribution was multimodal, showed a consistent and significant higher ratio of males to females , was in poorer condition, and was more advanced in reproductive development.

Research undertaken in New Zealand on seabird interactions with fisheries, and research into the population status and distribution at sea of New Zealand seabirds is documented.

This report obtains estimates of observer coverage required to predict the total numbers of incidental seabird captures (albatross and petrel taxa combined) in a fishery with a specified coefficient of variation. Fisheries analysed are determined by the quality and the availability of data and a known history of seabird captures: the trawl fisheries targeting hoki in the Sub-Antarctic, on the Chatham Rise, and off the west coast of the South Island; the trawl fisheries targeting squid in the Auckland Islands part of SQU 6T and on the Stewart-Snares shelf; and the autoliner fisheries targeting ling on the Chatham Rise and in waters south of 46° S.
A random effects model was developed to enable the contribution from the correlation between the numbers of captures per tow/set by the same vessel to be included in the calculation of the coefficient of variation of the predicted total number of seabird captures. The model also permits the estimation of the contribution from the extra variation that arises from the tendency for seabird capture incidents to involve large numbers of birds on rare occasions. Estimates of the variance components were derived from models that were fitted using data from the 1999–00 to the 2002–03 fishing years for the trawl fisheries and from the 2000–01 to the 2002–03 fishing years for the longline fisheries.
The observer coverage fraction is expressed in terms of tows for the trawl fisheries and hooks hauled for the autoliner fisheries. The estimated observer coverage fraction required to attain a coefficient of variation of 30% in the fishery depends on the total effort and on the capture rate through the predicted total number of captures. The approximate coverage fractions required, based on typical estimated numbers of captures, were between 8 – 54% depending on the fishery and numbers of birds captured for trawl fisheries.For the ling autoliner fisheries, the required fraction of observer coverage does not depend to the same extent on the predicted total number of seabird captures because most uncertainty arises from between vessel variation. Through wide ranges of predicted captures the approximate effort coverage fractions required were between 70 - 91% of days depending on the fishery area.
Estimates of observer coverage required for both the trawl and ling autoliner fisheries can only be regarded as approximate since they are always based on variance estimates, which are notoriously uncertain. The ling autoliner fishery estimates however have an additional source of uncertainty that arises because there are few vessels involved in these fisheries and the distribution of the effort between the vessels can vary markedly between seasons. Thus, for the ling autoliner fisheries, the large values for the coverage required by days in the fishery combined with the large uncertainties in these estimates suggests that 100% coverage is desirable.

A review of the use and effectiveness of research lines as a data collection and effort spreading tool within the Ross Sea exploratory toothfish fishery (CCAMLR statistical Subareas 88.1 and 88.2) is presented. The increase in the number of vessels in the exploratory fishery in Subareas 88.1 and 88.2, combined with the greater number of Small Scale Research Units (SSRUs) and the amount of data collected through fishing activities has effectively made the requirement to force a spread of research sets (5 nm spatial separation) superfluous as other factors produce the same result. The paper also demonstrates that by-catch levels, particularly catches of Whitson’s grenadier (Macrourus whitsoni), are demonstrably higher on research hauls.
The paper concludes with a proposal for a more effective Research Plan for the Ross Sea exploratory toothfish fishery that achieves the requirement to collect biological, environmental, and longline specific data on both the target species and on other catch species in a non biased and statistically valid manner covering as wide a range as possible.

The New Zealand sea lion is taken incidental to trawl fisheries within New Zealand’s fisheries waters. About 99% of the incidental sea lion take occurs within the Auckland Islands region in association with a seasonal trawl fishery for squid. From 1995 through 2004, an estimated 79 (SD ± 35) sea lions were taken annually, incidental to trawl squid fisheries. The threatened classification of sea lions necessitates that measures are taken to mitigate the fisheries related incidental kill. The Squid Fishery Management Company has undertaken the development of a Sea Lion Exclusion Device (SLED) that they believe is a viable, practical way to allow sea lions to escape a net when trawling for squid while not adversely affecting squid catch or quality. While it has been demonstrated that the SLED does allow sea lions to escape, there are questions surrounding their short and long-term survivability.

An initiative to provide training exchanges in seabird mitigation was trialled in 2004. The aim was to provide a placement for a fisher from a Latin American county on board a vessel operating in the New Zealand fishery, which had a proven record of seabird-friendly fishing techniques. The report documents the process and outcomes of the first exchange to occur, which was for the placement of a Chilean skipper, Luis Uribe - a swordfish fisher from working in the Southern Chilean artisanal fleet - on board a the Sanford vessel San Aotea II, using demersal longline methods to fish for ling and other species.

Following the review by Alderman (unpublished) and Bull (unpublished) of research into seabird-fishery interactions, a set of recommendations were made by the Science Advisory Group to the National Plan of Action – Seabirds. The recommendations were developed under six main topic areas: a) mitigation research; b) estimation of bycatch; c) population estimation and modelling; d) foraging ecology; e) molecular research; f) assessing management efficacy. These recommendations set out methodological details to be considered when commissioning future research on seabird interactions with fisheries and the effects of fishing on seabird population viability, on apparent gaps in the existing research, and reported on the key findings of the review, as they applied to the management of seabird – fishery interactions in New Zealand fisheries. The recommendations were used in the development of the research plan for the NPOA – Seabirds for New Zealand for the period 2006/07 to 2010/11.

To facilitate research and analysis of factors influencing bycatch of marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds in longline fisheries, a workshop was organized to develop “best practices” in observer data collections. The workshop was held in conjunction with the International Fisheries Observer Conference, November 8-11, 2004, in Sydney, Australia.
The objectives of the workshop were to:
• Share information on current data collection practices and methodologies (i.e., which variables are collected by observer programs worldwide and how are they collected).
• Solicit information from data users on variables that are critical, preferred, optimal, or not important to facilitate research and analysis to reduce bycatch of protected species.
• Identify data not currently being gathered systematically that might facilitate research and analysis to reduce bycatch of protected species.
• Coordinate with observer program staff to understand data collection limitations.
• Recommend best practices for observer data collection in longline fisheries that would facilitate research and analysis to reduce bycatch of protected species, in the form of a prioritized list of variables and consistent procedures.
• Establish a network to continue to develop, refine, and implement best practices.
Workshop participants recommended variables to be collected systematically in all longline observer programs to aid in bycatch reduction research and analysis. An additional set of variables was identified to optimize data collections specific to bycatch species.